The Multi-layered Curriculum: Why Change Is often Confused with Reform
The top layer is the intended (or official) curriculum. After extensive deliberation and committee meetings, state and district officials publish curricular frameworks and courses of study in academic subjects from kindergarten through high school.
Consider science curriculum in California. The first science framework in 1990 laid out content standards, grade by grade, as to what teachers should teach and what students should learn. Since then, there have been
